- D. Srinivasa Sarma
- S. N. Charan
- V. Balaram
- V. B. Rajasekhar
- Talat Ahmad
- S. M. Naqvi
- R. H. Sawkar
- J. G. Rana Prathap
- S. Viswanathan
- Janet Muhling
- Neal McNaughton
- E. V. S. S. K. Babu
- C. Manikyamba
- T. Gnaneshwar Rao
- D. V. Subba Rao
- Sita Bora
- Ajay Dev Asokan
- Kumar Krishna
- R. Elangovan
- Shaik Sai Babu
- R. Venkata Ramana
- V. Purnachandra Rao
- S. Sawant
- N. Satyasree
- A. Keshav Krishna
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Ram Mohan, M.
- Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Amphibolites from the Southern Part of Gadag Greenstone Belt, Karnataka
Authors
1 National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500007, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 72, No 4 (2008), Pagination: 484-494Abstract
Gadag Greenstone Belt (GGB) is the northern continuation of Chitradurga Greenstone Belt (CGB). It consists of a variety of metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. Two types of metavolcanic assemblages are found in this terrane (l) the tholeute-calc-alkaline island arc bimodal assemblage and (u) the tholeute-high-Mg basalt assemblage The tholente-calc-alkaline assemblage is exposed in the central and northern parts, whereas the tholentic-high-Mg basaltic assemblage is found in the southwestern part of the belt. Tholente-high-Mg basalts are represented by the coarse-grained amphibolites formed under lower amphibolite facies conditions REE and HFSE data along with major element compositions confirm that these coarse-grained amphibolites are tholentic basalts derived from an intraoceanic island arc setting. The REE patterns are coherent, flat to slightly LREE depleted (La/Ybn =0.79 to 1.20, La/Smn =0.84-0.97, Gd/Ybn=1.07-1.50) with no Eu anomaly. Relationship between compatible and incompatible elements suggests least effects of alteration and no crustal contamination or fractional crystallization. The mixing calculations indicate that these rocks are derived by partial melting of a depleted mantle source, with source composition in between that of the N-MORB and high-Mg basalts.Keywords
Geochemistry, Petrogenesis, Amphibolites, Gadag Greenstone Belt.- Role of Adakitic Magmatism and Subduction in Gold Endowment of Dharwar NEO-Archaean Greenstone Belts
Authors
1 Flat B-203, Block-B, United Avenue Apts, South End, 7 1-29, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500016, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 72, No 4 (2008), Pagination: 576-577Abstract
No Abstract.- Occurrence of Hydrothermal Phosphate Minerals in the Gold Mineralized Zones at Hutti Gold Deposit, Karnataka, South India
Authors
1 National Geophysical Research lnstitute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500007, IN
2 Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, IN
3 Centre for Exploration Targeting, University of Western Australia, 35, Stiriling Highway, Crawley 6009, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 71, No 2 (2008), Pagination: 223-228Abstract
We report here, for the first time, the occurrence of hydrothermal monazite and xenotime in alteration haloes associated with the gold-Mineralized zones of the Hutti Gold Deposit in Karnataka, India. These minerals were identified by systematic scanning of polished thin sections in an SEM using backscattered electron and energy dispersive X-Ray detectors. Most of the grains are very small (<10 μm), although some larger gram (30-40 μm) have also been identified Hydrothermal monazite and xenotime, though volumetrically minor, have been found to be important components in many orogenic gold deposits in Australia, Canada, Brazil and South Africa,as they form a part of the primary ore mineral assemblage, elther in ore-Bearing veins itself or are intergrown wlth ore minerals in wallrock alteration zones. Both monazite and xenotime are excellent geochronometers, and their importance is that they allow precise ages to be obtained for gold mineralization events. The discovery of these minerals in hydrothermally altered rocks from the Hutti gold deposit Dharwar Craton enables us to estimate the age of gold mineralization event(s).Keywords
Hutti Gold Deposit, Alteration Zones, Hydrothermal Minerals, Monazite, Xenotime, Karnataka.- Role of Adakitic Magmatism and Subduction in Gold Endowment of Dharwar Neoarchaean Greenstone Belts, India
Authors
1 National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad - 500 007, IN
2 Mineral Sales Private Limited, Hospet - 583 203, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 71, No 6 (2008), Pagination: 875-888Abstract
Acid volcanics found in auriferous greenstone belts of the Dharwar Craton are rhyolites, adakitic rhyohtes and high silica adakites Adakites are compositionally similar to TTG and characterized by high Na^/K^O, depleted MgO, Cr, Ni, Y and Yb. The adakitic melts were most probably generated by the partial melting of the basaltic slab below a mantle wedge LILE and LREE enriched IAB are the dominant volcanic members of the greenstone belts IAB of the greenstone belts were generated from partial melting of the mantle wedge under the influence of slab derived fluids. The wedge derived IAB and slab derived adakites were deformed and metamorphosed to generate fluids responsible for the gold endowment of these belts. Rhyohtes and possibly rhyohtic adakites were generated by the melting of the sialic continental crust forming top of the descending slab. Identification of adakites in auriferous greenstone belts strengthens the genetic link between adakite magmatism, subduction and Neoarchaean gold endowment.Keywords
Adakites, Dharwar Craton, Gold Greenstone Belt, Karnataka.- REE-HFSE Distribution/Partitioning Between Garnetiferous Restites and TTG from Nademavinapura Area, Western Dharwar Craton
Authors
1 National Geophysical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Hyderabad - 500 606, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 73, No 3 (2009), Pagination: 371-378Abstract
The major part of the Peninsular Gneiss in Dharwar craton is made up of Trondjhemite-Tonalite-Granodiorite (TTG) emplaced at different periods ranging from 3.60 to 2.50 Ga. The sodic-silicic magma precursors of these rocks have geochemical features characteristic of partial melting of hydrated basalt. In these TTGs, enclaves of amphibolites (± garnet) are abundant. These restites are considered to be the residue of a basaltic crust after its partial melting. A detailed study of these (residue) enclaves reveals textures formed due to the process of partial melting. Major, trace and REE analysis of these residue enclaves and the melt TTGs and microprobe analysis of the coexisting minerals show partitioning of REE and HFSE between the precursor melt of TTGs and the upper amphibolite facies residues. Formation of garnetiferous amphibolites with biotite, Cpx and plagioclase consequent to melting, has squeezed the original MORB type of basaltic crust and given rise to the TTGs, depleted in Y, Yb, K2O, MgO, FeO, TiO2 and enriched in La, Th, U, Zr and Hf. Coevally during the process of melting, the hydrated basalt was depleted in Na2O, Al2O3, LREE, Th, U and enriched in K2O, MgO, Nb, Ti, Yb, Y, Sc, Ni, Cr and Co. Mineral chemistry of co-existing garnet-biotite and amphiboleplagioclase in these amphibolitic (restite) enclaves indicates an average temperature of 700 ± 50 °C and pressure of 5 ± 1 Kbar. These data are inferred to indicate that during the garnet stability field metamorphism, effective fractionation of HREE and HFSE has taken place between the restites having Fe-Mg silicates, ilmenites and the extracted melt generated from the MORB type of hydrated basalt. These results are strongly substantiated by the reported melting experiments on hydrated basalts.Keywords
Fractionation, HFSE, REE, TTG, Restite, Dharwar Craton.References
- BHASKAR RAO, Y.J., GRIFFIN, W.L., KETCHUM, J., PEARSON, N.J., BEYER, E. and REILLY, S.Y. (2008) An outline of juvenile crust formation and recycling history in the Archaean Western Dharwar Craton from Zircon in-situ U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic composition. (Abstract, Goldschmidt Conference, 2008).
- DRUMMOND, M.S., DEFANT, M.J. and KEPEZHINSKAS, P.K. (1996) Petrogenesis of slab-derived trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite/ adakite magmas. Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, Earth Sci., v.87, pp.205-215.
- JAYANANDA, M. and PEUCAT, J.-J. (1996) Geochronological framework of Southern India. In: M. Santosh and M. Yoshida (Eds.), The Archaean and Proterozoic terrains of Southern India within East Gondwana. Gondwana Res. Group Mem., No.3, pp.53-73.
- KEMP, A.I.S. and HAWKESWORTH, C.J. (2003) Granitic perspectives on the generation and secular evolution of the continental crust. In: R.L. Rudnick (Ed.), The Crust: Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford, v.3, pp.349-410.
- KERRICH, R. and POLAT, A. (2006) Archaean greenstone-tonalite duality: Thermochemical mantle convection models or plate tectonics in the early Earth global dynamics? Tectonophysics, v.415, pp.141-165.
- NAQVI, S.M., SRINIVASA SARMA, D., SAWKAR, R.H., RAM MOHAN, M. and RANA PRATHAP, J.G. (2008) Role of adakitic magmatism and subduction in gold endowment of Dharwar Neoarhaean greenstone belts, India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.71(6), pp.875-888.
- PEUCAT, J-J., MAHABALESWAR, B. and JAYANANDA, M. (1993) Age of younger tonalitic magmatism and granulite metamorphism in the amphibolite-granulite transition zone of Krishnagiri area and comparison with the older gneiss from Gorur-Hassan area. Jour. Met. Geol., v.11 pp.879-888.
- RADHAKRISHNA, T., KRISHNENDU, N.R. and BALASUBRAMANIAN, G. (2007) Mafic dyke magmatism around the Cuddapah Basin: Age constraints, petrological characteristics and geochemical inference for a possible magma chamber on the southwestern margin of the Basin, Jour. Geol.Soc. India, v.70, pp.194-206.
- RAPP, R.P., SHIMIZU, N., NORMAN, M.D. and APPLEGATE, G.S. (1999) Reaction between slab-derived melts and peridotite in the mantle wedge: experimental constraints at 3.8 GPa. Chem. Geol., v.160, pp.335-356.
- RUDNICK, R.L. and GAO, S. (2003) The composition of the continental crust. In: R.L. Rudnick (Ed.),The Crust: Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford, v.3, pp.1-64.
- SAMSONOV, A.V., BOGINA, M.M., BIBIKOVA, E.V., PETROVA, A.YU. and SHCHIPANSKY, A.A. (2005) The relationship between adakitic, calc-alkaline volcanic rocks and TTGs: implications for the tectonic setting of the Karelian greenstone belts, Baltic Shield. Lithos, v.79, pp.83-106.
- SUN, S.-S. and MCDONOUGH, W.F. (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry (Eds.), Magmatism in the ocean basins. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., no.42, pp.313-345.
- TAYLOR, S.R. and MCLENNAN, S.M. (1985) The continental crust: Its composition. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 312p.
- XIONG, X.L., XIA, B., XU, J.F., NIU, H.C. and XIAO, W.S. (2006) Na depletion in modern adakites via melt/rock reaction within the sub-arc mantle. Chem. Geol., v.229, pp.273-292.
- Geochemical and Isotopic Constraints of Neoarchaean Fossil Plume for Evolution of Volcanic Rocks of Sandur Greenstone Belt, India
Authors
1 National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad - 500 007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 60, No 1 (2002), Pagination: 27-56Abstract
Metavolcanics of 20 km wide Sultanpura volcanic block of the Neoarchaean Sandur (greenstone) schist belt are divided into tholeiitic basalts, high Mg basalts, Al-depleted and Al-undepleted komatiitic ultramatic schists. Metabasalts are metamorphosed to amphibolite facies, but still preserve their pillow structures. Ultramasic komatiitic rocks are transformed to actinolite-tremolitc schists with no recognizable original textures or mineralogy. Mctabasalts and ultramafic komatiitic schists are interbedded with thin layers of sulphidic banded iron formations, argillaceous carbonate rocks and carbon phyllites that are interprcied as metamorphosed pclagic sediments of the deep ocean. No terrigenous sediments are found in Sultanpura block indicating that eruption of these submarine volcanic rocks took place in the deeper part of the ocean, away from the western and eastern shelf parts of the Sandur belt, where terrigenous sediments are abundant. SuItanpura block in its west and east is discordantly boundcd by thrust, subduction complex and shclf lhcies sedimcnts. These observations are interpreted to indicate that Sultanpura block is a telescoped prolo-oceanic part between the two shelves and island arc complexes. MgO of melavolcanic rocks varies from 6 to 30%, with a gap between 16 to 22%. Al2O3/TiO2 shows characteristic variation for tholeiites (10-15), high Mg basalts (13-21), Al-unclepleted ultramafic komatiitic schists (9-23) and Al-depleted ultramafic komatiitic schists (11-20). CaO/Al2O3, of tholciites and high Mg basalts is ∼1, whereas for the ultramafic komatiitic schists, this ratio exhibits a range between 0.5 to 2, as a consequence of CaO mobility.REE, HFSE and 143Nd/144Nda ta from Sultanpura volcanic rocks vary between CHUR (Chondrite Uniform Rcservoir), primitive mantle and depleted manilc, but appear to be derived from primitive mantle and have been probably contaminated by continental crust. Although the abundance of REE varics from 2 to 12 chondrite, the patterns are smooth and flat with small negative or positive Eu anomalies as artifacts of alteration. Generally positive, but in few samples negative Nb anomalies are also found, with (Ce/Sm)N, and (Gd/Yb)N, being near chondritic. Ti/V, Ti/Zr, Zr/Y, Sc/Y, Nb/La, Nb/Th, Nb/U, MgO/TiO2, MgO/FeO and Al2O3/TiO2, also for many samples are ncar chondritic, εNd=+0.8649±0.00024 resembling CHUR. ThMb, NblU and some other ratios are near to those of Ontong Java and Gorgana plateaus (0.80 Ga) and the tholeiite-komatiitic sequence found in 2.7 Ga Southern volcanic zone, Abitibi belt of Canada and 2.1 Ga Birimian belt of West Africa. Collectively, thcsc data indicate that a mantle plume. derived from an enriched mantle, possibly played an important role in the oceanic volcanic sequence of Sultanpura block. Some of the HFSE follow the olivine control line, whereas other elements following the olivine control line define a narrow array tube. Formation of such array tubes on the plots of some HFSE elements and their ratios, and the scatters of HFSE/REE ratios, probably suggest dynamic melting of the plume during ascent. Entrenchment, mixing of Archaean ocean ridge basalts (AORB), crustal contamination and subduction of such a plume-fed slab may have generated the compositional heterogeneities observed in the Sultanpura metavolcanic rocks.
Keywords
Archaean Plumes, Greenstone Belts, Geochemistry, Tectonic Evolution, Sultanpura Volcanic Block, Sandur Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton.- Training Programme on Major Tectonics and Lithounits in the Indus and Shyok Suture Zones of Ladakh Himalaya
Authors
1 NGRI-CSIR, Hyderabad, IN
2 Kumaun University, Nainital, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 78, No 6 (2011), Pagination: 600-600Abstract
No Abstract.- Petrogenesis of the Palaeoarchean Keonjhar Granite, Singhbhum Craton, India: Product of Crustal Reworking or Subduction?
Authors
1 CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad 500 007, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 118, No 6 (2020), Pagination: 910-919Abstract
The early Archean represents an important eon in the evolution of the earth’s continental crust and could provide insights into the nature of geodynamic processes that operated during that period. The Singhbhum Craton from the Indian Shield is the only major archive of Palaeo–Mesoarchean geological processes. The Palaeoarchean granitoids from the Keonjhar area of Singhbhum Craton are potassic granites and granodiorites of calcalkaline affinity. Their age and elemental concentrations resemble the low Al2O3granites reported from the Eastern Pilbara Craton of Australia. The geochemical systematics of these granitoids suggests their derivation due to crustal reworking involving partial melting of a tonalitic source, possibly older metamorphic tonalitic gneiss (OMTG). The OMTG could have been derived due to the melting of an enriched basaltic source at the base of an oceanic plateau. In the second stage, the resultant underplating at crustal levels caused the reworking that led to intracrustal melting and differentiation of OMTG to form potassic granites, similar to that of Keonjhar pluton. Consolidating the evidences from the available geochemical and isotopic studies with our own data and correlating them with the geophysical evidences, we interpret that the Keonjhar granitoids are the product of intracrustal melting in an oceanic plateau setting.Keywords
Geodynamic Processes, Granitoids, Intracrustal Melting, Petrogenesis.References
- Dhuime, B., Hawkesworth, C. J., Cawood, P. A. and Storey, C. D., A change in the geodynamics of continental growth 3 billion years ago. Science, 2012, 335, 1334–1336.
- Belousova, E., Kostitsyn, Y., Griffin, W. L., Begg, G. C., O’Reilly, S. Y. and Pearson, N. J., The growth of the continental crust: constraints from zircon Hf-isotope data. Lithos, 2010, 119, 457–466.
- Polat, A., Hofmann, A. and Rosing, M. T., Boninite-like volcanic rocks in the 3.7–3.8 Ga Isua greenstone belt, west Greenland: geo-chemical evidence for intraoceanic subduction zone processes in the early earth. Chem. Geol., 2002, 184, 231–254.
- Komiya, T., Maruyama, S., Masuda, T., Nohda, S., Hayashi, M. and Okamoto, K., Plate tectonics at 3.8–3.7 Ga: field evidence from the Isua accretionary complex, southern west Greenland. J. Geol., 1999, 107, 515–554.
- Nutman, A. P. and Collerson, K. D., Very early Archean crustal– accretion complexes preserved in the north Atlantic craton. Geology, 1991, 19, 791–794.
- Shirey, S. B. and Richardson, S. H., Start of the Wilson cycle at 3 Ga shown by diamonds from subcontinental mantle. Science, 2011, 333, 434–436.
- Condie, K. C. and Kröner, A., When did plate tectonics begin? Evidence from the geologic record. In Special Paper of the Geological Society of America(eds Condie, K. C. and Pease, V.), 2008, pp. 281–294.
- Moyen, J. F., Stevens, G. and Kisters, A., Record of mid-archaean subduction from metamorphism in the Barberton terrain, South Africa. Nature, 2006, 442, 559–562.
- Smithies, R. H., Champion, D. C., Van Kranendonk, M. J., Howard, H. M. and Hickman, A. H., Modern-style subduction processes in the Mesoarchean: geochemical evidence from the 3.12 Ga Whundo intraoceanic arc. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2005, 231, 221–237.
- Hawkesworth, C., Cawood, P., Kemp, T., Storey, C. and Dhuime, B., Geochemistry: a matter of preservation. Science, 2009, 323, 49–50.
- Scholl, D. W. and von Huene, R., Crustal recycling at modern subduction zones applied to the past – issues of growth and preservation of continental basement crust, mantle geochemistry, and supercontinent reconstruction. Geol. Soc. America Mem., 2007, 200, 9–32.
- Condie, K. C., Mantle Plumes and their Record in Earth History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001, pp. 170– 246.
- Van Kranendonk, M. J., Hugh Smithies, R., Hickman, A. H. and Champion, D. C., Review: secular tectonic evolution of archean continental crust: interplay between horizontal and vertical processes in the formation of the Pilbara Craton, Australia. Terra Nova, 2007, 19, 1–38.
- Smithies, R. H., Champion, D. C. and Van Kranendonk, M. J., Formation of Paleoarchean continental crust through infracrustal melting of enriched basalt. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2009, 281, 298–306.
- Bédard, J. H., Stagnant lids and mantle overturns: implications for Archaean tectonics, magmagenesis, crustal growth, mantle evolution, and the start of plate tectonics. Geosci. Frontiers, 2018, 9, 19–49.
- Van Kranendonk, M. J., Two types of Archean continental crust: plume and plate tectonics on early earth. Am. J. Sci., 2010, 310, 1187–1209.
- Laurent, O., Martin, H., Moyen, J. F. and Doucelance, R., The diversity and evolution of late-Archean granitoids: evidence for the onset of ‘modern-style’ plate tectonics between 3.0 and 2.5 Ga. Lithos, 2014, 205, 208–235.
- Kamber, B. S., The evolving nature of terrestrial crust from the Hadean, through the Archaean, into the Proterozoic. Precambrian Res., 2015, 258, 48–82.
- Saha, A. K., M-27. Crustal evolution of Singhbhum – North Orissa, Eastern India, Memoir, Geological Society of India, Bangalore, India, 1994, vol. 27, pp. 1–341.
- Mukhopadhyay, D., The Archaean nucleus of Singhbhum: the present state of knowledge. Gondwana Res., 2001, 4, 307–318.
- Goswami, J. N., Mishra, S., Wiedenbeck, M., Ray, S. L. and Saha, A. K., 3.55 Ga old zircon from Singhbhum–Orissa Iron Ire Craton, eastern India. Curr. Sci., 1995, 69, 1008–1011.
- Hofmann, A. and Mazumder, R., A review of the current status of the older metamorphic group and older metamorphic tonalite gneiss: insights into the Palaeoarchaean history of the Singhbhum Craton, India. Geol. Soc., London, Mem., 2015, 43, 103–107.
- Mukhopadhyay, J., Beukes, N. J., Armstrong, R. A., Zimmermann, U., Ghosh, G. and Medda, R. A., Dating the oldest green-stone in India: a 3.51-Ga precise U–Pb shrimp zircon age for dacitic lava of the southern iron ore group, Singhbhum Craton. J. Geol., 2008, 116, 449–461.
- Mukhopadhyay, J., Ghosh, G., Zimmermann, U., Guha, S. and Mukherjee, T., A 3.51 Ga bimodal volcanics–BIF–ultramafic succession from Singhbhum Craton: implications for Palaeoarchaean geodynamic processes from the oldest greenstone succession of the Indian subcontinent. Geochem. J.,2012, 47, 284–311.
- Nelson, D. R., Bhattacharya, H. N., Thern, E. R. and Altermann, W., Geochemical and ion-microprobe U–Pb zircon constraints on the Archaean evolution of Singhbhum Craton, eastern India. Precambrian Res., 2014, 255, 412–432.
- Dey, S., Topno, A., Liu, Y. and Zong, K., Generation and evolution of Paleoarchean continental crust in the central part of the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India. Precambrian Res., 2017, 298, 268–291.
- Upadhyay, D., Chattopadhyay, S., Kooijman, E., Mezger, K. and Berndt, J., Magmatic and metamorphic history of paleoarchean tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) suite from the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India. Precambrian Res., 2014, 252, 180–190.
- Acharyya, S. K., Gupta, A. and Orihashi, Y., New U–Pb zircon ages from paleo-mesoarchean ttg gneisses of the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India. Geochem. J.,2010, 44, 81–88.
- Tait, J., Zimmermann, U., Miyazaki, T., Presnyakov, S., Chang, Q., Mukhopadhyay, J. and Sergeev, S., Possible juvenile palaeoarchaean TTG magmatism in eastern India and its constraints for the evolution of the Singhbhum Craton. Geol. Mag., 2011, 148, 340–347.
- Chaudhuri, T., Wan, Y., Mazumder, R., Ma, M. and Liu, D., Evidence of enriched, Hadean mantle reservoir from 4.2–4.0 Ga zircon xenocrysts from Paleoarchean TTGs of the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India. Sci. Rep., 2018, 8, 7069.
- Miller, S. R., Mueller, P. A., Meert, J. G., Kamenov, G. D., Pivarunas, A. F., Sinha, A. K. and Pandit, M. K., Detrital zircons reveal evidence of Hadean crust in the Singhbhum Craton, India. J. Geol., 2018, 126, 541–552.
- Kumar, A., Parashuramulu, V., Shankar, R. and Besse, J., Evidence for a Neoarchean lip in the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India: implications to Vaalbara supercontinent. Precambrian Res., 2017, 292, 163–174.
- Shankar, R., Vijayagopal, B. and Kumar, A., Precise Pb–Pb bad-deleyite ages of 1765 Ma for a Singhbhum ‘newer dolerite’ dyke swarm. Curr. Sci., 2014, 106, 1306–1310.
- Krishna, A., Murthy, N. and Govil, P., Multielement analysis of soils by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. At. Spectrosc.-Norwalk Connecticut, 2007, 28, 202.
- Satyanarayanan, M., Balaram, V., Sawant, S., Subramanyam, K., Krishna, G. V., Dasaram, B. and Manikyamba, C., Rapid determination of REEs, PGEs, and other trace elements in geological and environmental materials by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. At. Spectrosc., 2018, 39, 1–15.
- Páez, G., Ruiz, R., Guido, D., Jovic, S. and Schalamuk, I., The effects of K-metasomatism in the Bahía Laura volcanic complex, Deseado massif, Argentina: petrologic and metallogenic consequences. Chem. Geol., 2010, 273, 300–313.
- Shand, S. J., Eruptive Rocks, Thomas Murphy, 1947, p. 444.
- Barker, F., Trondhjemite: definition, environment and hypotheses of origin. In Developments in Petrology(ed. Barker, F.), Elsevier, 1979, pp. 1–12.
- Rapp, R. P., Shimizu, N., Norman, M. and Applegate, G., Reaction between slabderived melts and peridotite in the mantle wedge: experimental constraints at 3.8 GPa. Chem. Geol., 1999, 160, 335–356.
- Sun, S. S. and McDonough, W. F., Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in Ocean Basins(eds Saunders, A. D. and Norry, M. J.), Geological Society of London, UK, 1989, vol. 42, pp. 313–345.
- Bickle, M. J., Bettenay, L. F., Chapman, H. J., Groves, D. I., McNaughton, N. J., Campbell, I. H. and de Laeter, J. R., Origin of the 3500–3300 Ma calc–alkaline rocks in the Pilbara Archaean: isotopic and geochemical constraints from the Shaw batholith. Precambrian Res., 1993, 60, 117–149.
- Champion, D. C. and Smithies, R. H., Geochemistry of Paleoarchean granites of the east Pilbara terrane, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia: implications for early Archean crustal growth. In Earth’s Oldest Rocks(eds Van Kranendonk, M. J., Hugh Smithies, R. and Bennett, V. C.), Developments in Precambrian Geology, Elsevier, 2008, vol. 15, pp. 369–409.
- Rudnick, R. L. and Fountain, D. M., Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crustal perspective. Rev. Geophys., 1995, 33, 267–309.
- Condie, K. C., High field strengthelement ratios in Archean basalts: a window to evolving sources of mantle plumes? Lithos, 2005, 79, 491–504.
- Willbold, M., Hegner, E., Stracke, A. and Rocholl, A., Continental geochemical signatures in Dacites from Iceland and implications for models of early Archaean crust formation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2009, 279, 44–52.
- Moyen, J.-F., High Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios: the meaning of the ‘adakitic signature’. Lithos, 2009, 112, 556–574.
- Gardiner, N. J., Hickman, A. H., Kirkland, C. L., Lu, Y., Johnson, T. and Zhao, J.-X., Processes of crust formation in the early earth imaged through Hf isotopes from the East Pilbara terrane. Precambrian Res., 2017, 297, 56–76.
- Manikyamba, C., Ray, J., Ganguly, S., Singh, M. R., Santosh, M., Saha, A. and Satyanarayanan, M., Boninitic metavolcanic rocks and island arc tholeiites from the older metamorphic group (OMG) of Singhbhum Craton, eastern India: geochemical evidence for Archean subduction processes. Precambrian Res., 2015, 271, 138– 159.
- Mukhopadhyay, J., Beukes, N., Armstrong, R., Zimmermann, U., Ghosh, G. and Medda, R., Dating the oldest greenstone in India: a 3.51 Ga precise U–Pb shrimp zircon age for dacitic lava of the southern iron ore group, Singhbhum Craton. J. Geol., 2008, 116, 449–461.
- Sengupta, S., Acharyya, S. and DeSmeth, J., Geochemistry of Archaean volcanic rocks from iron ore supergroup, Singhbhum, eastern India. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. – Earth Planet. Sci., 1997, 106, 327.
- Chaudhuri, T., Mazumder, R. and Arima, M., Petrography and geochemistry of Mesoarchean komatiites from the eastern iron ore belt, Singhbhum Craton, India, and its similarity with ‘barberton type komatiite’. J. Afr. Earth Sci., 2015, 101, 135–147.
- Collins, W. J., Van Kranendonk, M. J. and Teyssier, C., Partial convective overturn of Archaean crust in the east Pilbara Craton, western Australia: driving mechanisms and tectonic implications. J. Struct. Geol., 1998, 20, 1405–1424.
- Wiemer, D., Schrank, C. E., Murphy, D. T., Wenham, L. and Allen, C. M., Earth’s oldest stable crust in the Pilbara Craton formed by cyclic gravitational overturns. Nature Geosci., 2018, 11, 357–361.
- Prabhakar, N. and Bhattacharya, A., Paleoarchean partial convective overturn in the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India. Precambrian Res., 2013, 231, 106–121.
- Mandal, P. and Biswas, K., Teleseismic receiver functions modeling of the eastern Indian Craton. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 2016, 258, 1–14.
- Bhattacharya, B. B., The electric moho underneath eastern Indian Craton. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2002, 29, 14-1–14-4.
- Streckeisen, A., To each plutonic rock its proper name. Earth Sci. Rev., 1976, 12, 1–33.
- Rare Earth Elements of Sediments in Rivers and Estuaries of the East Coast of India
Authors
1 Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Deemed to be Vignan’s Univesity, Vadlamudi 522 213, IN
2 CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 120, No 3 (2021), Pagination: 519-537Abstract
The rare earth elements (REE) in the clay fraction of sediments in 15 rivers and their estuaries along the east coast of India were analysed in this study. The total REE content (ΣREE) varied from 130.98 to 289.85 μg/g and from 70.89 to 352.61 μg/g in rivers and estuaries respectively. The ΣREEs of estuarine clays (except the Brahmani and Baitarani) was lower than in rivers. The Post-Archean average Australian Shale-normalized REE patterns in rivers and estuaries were similar and categorized into three types. The REE patterns reflect the composition of dominant geological formations in river basins and extent of sediment mixing from different sources during transport. Hydrodynamic conditions controlled the abundance and fractionation of REE in the estuaries. The Sm/Nd ratios of clays were largely controlled by mineral composition and Y/Ho ratios were affected by sedimentary processes in the estuaries.Keywords
Estuaries, Rare Earth Elements, Rivers, Sediments, Volcanic Rocks.References
- McLennan, S. M., Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In Reviews in Mineralogy. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements (eds Lippin, B. R. and McKay, G. A.), De Gruyter, 1989, vol. 21, pp. 169–200; https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501509032.
- Rollinson, H., Using trace elements data. In Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation (ed. Rollinson, H.,), Prentice Hall, Pearson, 1993, pp. 133–134.
- Nance, W. B. and Taylor, S. R., Rare earth element patterns and crustal evolution – I. Australian post-Archean sedimentary rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1976, 61, 1539–1551.
- Goldstein, S. J. and Jacobsen, S. B., Rare earth elements in river waters. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 1988, 89, 35–47.
- Elderfield, H., Upstillgoddard, R. and Sholkovitz, E. R., The rare earth elements in rivers, estuaries, and coastal seas and their significance to the composition of ocean waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1990, 54, 971–991.
- Sholkovitz, E. R. and Szymezak, R., The estuarine chemistry of rare earth elements: comparison of the Amazon, Fly, Sepik and Gulf of Papua systems. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2000, 178, 299– 309.
- Shiller, A. M., Seasonality of dissolved rare earth elements in the lower Mississippi River. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 2002, 3, 1068–1078.
- Martins, M. V. A. et al., Rare earth elements as fingerprints of differentiated sediment sources in the Ria de Aveiro (Portugal). J. Sediment. Environ., 2016, 1, 17–42.
- Su, N., Yang, S., Guo, Y., Yue, W., Wang, K., Yin, P. and Huang, K., Revisit of REE fractionation during chemical weathering and river sediment transport. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 2017, 18, 935–955.
- Adebayo, S. B., Cui, M., Hong, T., White, C. D., Martin, E. E. and Johannesson, K. H., Rare earth element geochemistry and Nd isotopes in the Mississipi River and Gulf of Mexico Mixing zone. Front. Mar. Sci., 2018, 5, 166.
- Braun, J. J., Pagel, M., Herbillon, A. and Rosin, C., Mobilization and redistribution of REEs and thorium in a syenitic lateritic profile: a mass balance study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1993, 57, 4419–4434.
- Nesbitt, H. W. and Markovics, G., Weathering of granodiorite crust, long-term storage of elements in weathering profiles, and petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1997, 61, 1653–1670.
- Négrel, P., Water–granite interaction: clues from strontium, neodymium and rare earth elements in soil and waters. Appl. Geochem., 2006, 21, 1432–1454.
- Shynu, R, Rao V. P., Kessarkar, P. M. and Rao, T. G., Rare earth elements in suspended and bottom sediments of the Mandovi estuary, central west coast of India: influence of mining. Estuarine Coast. Shelf Sci., 2011, 94, 355–368.
- Ohlander, B., Land, M., Ingri, J. and Widerlund, A., Mobility and transport of Nd isotopes in the vadose zone during weathering of granitic till in a Boreal forest. Aquat. Geochem., 2014, 20, 1–17.
- Chang, C., Li, F., Liu, C., Guo, J., Tong, H. and Chen, M., Fractionation characteristics of Rare earth elements linked with secondary Fe, Mn and Al minerals in soils. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 2016, 35, 329–339.
- Freslon, N. et al., Rare earth elements and neodymium isotopes in sedimentary organic matter. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2014, 140, 177–198.
- Bayon, G. et al., Rare earth elements and neodymium isotopes in world river sediments revisited. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2015, 170, 17–38.
- Marsac, R., Banik, N. L., Lutzenkirchen, J., Catrovillet, C., Masquardt, C. M. and Johannesson, K. H., Modeling metal ion–humic substances complexation in highly saline conditions. Appl. Geochem., 2017, 79, 52–64.
- Merchel, G., Bau, M. and Dantas, E. L., Contrasting impact of organic and inorganic nanoparticles and colloids on the behaviour of particle-reactive elements in tropical estuaries: an experimental study. Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 2017, 197, 1–13.
- Sharma, A. and Rajamani, V., Weathering of gneissic rocks in the upper reaches of Cauvery River, South India: implications to neotectonics of the region. Chem. Geol., 2000, 166, 203–223.
- Marchandise, S., Robin, E., Ayrault, S. and Roy-Barman, M., U–Th–REE–Hf bearing phases in Mediterranean Sea sediments: implications for isotope systematics in the ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2014, 131, 47–61.
- Jung, H. S., Lim, D., Choi, J. Y., Yoo, H. S., Rho, K. C. and Lee, H. B., REE compositions of core sediments from the shelf of the South Sea, Korea; their controls and origins. Cont. Shelf Res., 2012, 48, 75–86.
- Yang, S. Y., Jung, H. S., Choi, M. S. and Li, C. X., The rare earth element compositions of the Changjiang (Yangtze) and Huanghe (Yellow) river sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2002, 201, 407– 419.
- Cavalcante, F., Belviso, C., Piccarreta, G. and Fiore, S., Grain-size control on the rare earth elements distribution in the late diagenesis of Cretaceous shales from the southern Apennines (Italy). J. Chem., 2014; Article ID: 841747.
- Sensarma, S., Rajamani, V. and Tripathi, J. K., Petrography and geochemical characteristics of the sediments of the small River Hemavati, southern India: implications for provenance and weathering processes. Sediment. Geol., 2008, 205, 111–125.
- Sai Babu, S., Ramana, R. V., Purnachandra Rao, V., Ram Mohan, M., Keshav Krishna, A., Sawant, S. and Satyasree, N., Composition of the peninsular India rivers average clay (PIRAC): a reference sediment composition for the upper crust from peninsular India. J. Earth Syst. Sci., 2020, 129; https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12040-019-1301-8.
- GSI, Geological Map of India; Geological Survey of India, Bangalore, 1998; 7th edn.
- Rao, K. L., India’s Water Wealth, Orient Longman Ltd, New Delhi, 1975, p. 255.
- Krishnan, M. S., Geology of India and Burma, Higginbotham, Madras, 1982, p. 536.
- Balakrishnan, S. and Rajamani, V., Geochemistry and petrogenesis of granite gneisses around the Kolar Schist Belt, South India: petrogenetic constraints for the evolution of the crust in the Kolar area. J. Geol., 1987, 95, 219–240.
- Das, A., Krishnaswami, S., Sarin, M. M. and Pande, K., Chemical weathering in the Krishna Basin and Western Ghats of the Deccan Traps, India: rate of basalt weathering and their controls. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2005, 69, 2067–2084.
- Jha, P. K., Tiwari, J., Singh, U. K., Kumar, M. and Subramanian, V., Chemical weathering and associated CO2 consumption in the Godavari river basin, India. Chem. Geol., 2009, 264, 364–374.
- Dash, B., Sahu, K. N. and Bowes, D. R., Geochemistry and original nature of Precambrian khondalites in the Eastern Ghats, Orissa, India. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 1987, 78, 115–127.
- Moriyama, T., Panigrahi, M. K., Pandit, D. and Watanabe, Y., Rare earth element enrichment in Late Archean manganese deposits from the Iron Ore Group, East India. Resour. Geol., 2008, 58, 402–413.
- Bhattacharya, S., Chaudhary, A. K. and Basei, M., Original nature and source of khondalites in the Eastern Ghats Province, India. In Palaeoproterozoic of India (eds Mazumder, R. and Saha, D.), Geological Society of London Special Publication, 2012, pp. 147– 159.
- Giri, S., Singh, A. K. and Tewary, B. K., Source and distribution of metals in bed sediments of Subarnarekha River, India. Environ. Earth Sci., 2013, 70, 3381–3392.
- Biswas, A. N., Geohydro-morphometry of Hooghly estuary. J. Inst. Eng. (India), 1985, 66, 61–73.
- Folk, R. L., Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Hemphils Pub. Co., Austin, Texas, USA, 1968, p. 170.
- Satyanarayanan, M., Balaram, V., Sawant, S. S., Subramanyam, K. S. V., Vamsi Krishna, G., Dasaram, B. and Manikyamba, C., Rapid determination of REEs, PGEs, and other trace elements in geological and environmental materials by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Atom. Spectrosc., 2018, 39, 1–15.
- Govindaraju, K., Compilation of working values and descriptions for 383 geostandards. Geostand. Newsl., 1994, 18, 1–158.
- Nesbitt, H. W. and Young, G. M., Early proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 1982, 299, 715–717.
- Taylor, S. R. and McLennan, S. M., The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. An Examination of the Geochemical Record Preserved in Sedimentary Rocks, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1985, p. 312.
- Pourmand, A., Dauphas, N. and Ireland, T. J., A novel extraction chromatography and MC–ICP–MS technique for rapid analysis of REE, Sc and Y: revising CI-chondrite and post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) abundances. Chem. Geol., 2012, 291, 38–54.
- Rudnic, R. L. and Gao, S., The composition of the continental crust. In Treatise on Geochemistry (eds Rudnick, R. L., Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. T.), Elsevier Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2003, vol. 3, pp. 1–64.
- Vazquez-Ortega, A. et al., Rare earth elements as reactive tracers of biogeochemical weathering in forested rhyolitic terrain. Chem. Geol., 2015, 391, 19–32.
- Rickli, J., Frank, M., Baker, A. R., Aciego, S., de Souza, G., Georg, R. B. and Halliday, A. N., Hafnium and neodymium isotopes in surface waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean: implications for sources and inputs of trace metals to the ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2010, 74, 540–557.
- Sengupta, D. and Van Gosen, B. S., Placer-type rare earth element deposits. Econ. Geol., 2016, 18, 81–100.
- Rao, C. N., Anu Radha, B., Reddy, K. S. N., Dhanamjayarao, E. N. and Dayal, A. M., Heavy mineral distribution studies in different micro-environments of Bhimunipatnam coast, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ., 2012, 2(5), 2250–3153.
- Feng, J., Behaviour of rare earth elements and yttrium in ferromanganese concretions, gibbsite spots, and the surrounding terra rossa over dolomite during chemical weathering. Chem. Geol., 2010, 271, 112–132.
- Shynu, R., Rao, V. P., Parthiban, G., Balakrishnan, S., Narvekar, T. and Kessarkar, P. M., REE in suspended particulate matter and sediment of the Zuari estuary and adjacent shelf, western India: influence of mining and estuarine turbidity. Mar. Geol., 2013, 346, 326–342.
- Prajith, A., Rao, V. P. and Chakraborty, P., Distribution, provenance and early diagenesis of major and trace metals in sediment cores from the Mandovi estuary, western India. Estuarine Coast. Shelf Sci., 2016, 170, 173–185.
- Graf Jr, J. L., Rare earth elements as hydrothermal tracers during the formation of massive sulphide deposits in volcanic rocks. Econ. Geol., 1977, 72, 527–548.
- Allen, P., Condie, K. C. and Narayana, B. L., The geochemistry of prograde and retrograde charnockite–gneiss reactions in southern India. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1985, 49, 323–336.
- Srinivasan, R., Naqvi, S. M., Uday, Raj, B., Subbarao, D. V., Balaram, V. and Rao, T. G., Geochemistry of the Archaean greywackes from the north western part of Chitradurga schist belt, Dharwar Craton, South India – evidence for granetoid upper crust in the Archaean. J. Geol. Soc. India, 1989, 34, 505–516.
- Tang, J. and Johannesson, K. H., Speciation of rare earth elements in natural terrestrial waters: assessing the role of dissolved organic matter from the modelling approach. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2003, 67, 2321–2339.
- Condie, K. C., Another look at rare earth elements in shales. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1991, 55, 2527–2531.
- Bau, M. and Zhao, Z., Geochemistry of mineralization with exchangeable REY in the weathering crust of granitic rocks in South China. Ore Geol. Rev., 2008, 35, 519–535.
- Bau, M., Dulski, P. and Moller, P., Yttrium and holmium in South Pacific seawater: vertical distribution and possible fractionation mechanisms. Chem. Erde, 1995, 55, 1–15.